Evaluation Of A Teacher, My Responsibility - 1056 Words

As a teacher, my responsibility is to encourage, attend, and examine the learning of my students. My primary goal is to educate my students. I must also have a solid way to judge what my students have learned and which direction their learning must take. An assessment that measures student learning and has the ability to prove what outcomes students have met is beneficially for both the students and the teacher. For the teacher, good and proper assessment practices will inform the teacher of where the students are in relation to the outcomes. It also helps to determine what topic the teacher needs to furthermore cover. I believe that assessments are essential to a classroom. It is also an ongoing process. Assessments are important for many reasons. It can be used to gather information that will help make better decisions about individual students in a classroom. It determines whether the goals or objectives have been met. It inspires me as the teacher to ask questions like â€Å"Am I teaching what I think I am teaching? and Are my students learning what they are supposed to be learning? Assessments lead teachers to make decisions about the purpose of the content that is being assessed. There are many form of assessments that I will utilize to diagnose my student’s learning. Pre-assessment is a useful tool to determine what students know before beginning a lesson. This will help to recognize ways to scaffold or present new information. Pre-assessments are essential becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Teacher Quality And Promote Learning1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of teacher evaluations is to ensure teacher quality and to promote learning. The Framework for Teaching, by Charlotte Danielson, has effectively identified 4 domains reflecting the responsibilities of teachers. The domains of teacher responsibility outlined in this evaluation tool are: Planning and Preparation, The Classroom Environment, Instruction, and Professional Responsibilities. Within each of the 4 domains, there are descriptive elements exemplifying the characteristics of theRead MoreThe Supervision And Evaluation Of Teachers788 Words   |  4 Pagescorrelation between stu dent achievement and teacher quality.† Direct supervision and evaluation of teachers should effectively address teacher quality, and thereby effect student learning and achievement. Bret Range, an associate professor of educational leadership at the University of Wyoming has written two papers and maintains a blog related to teacher supervision. His research indicates, â€Å"the key to teacher development lies within well-planned teacher supervisory activities.† The focus of thisRead MoreTeaching Interventions1347 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironments for students. At my internship, a team was developed in order to provide staff with weekly tips about different types of interventions. The team developed a name â€Å"The Tipster Tuesday Committee† which entailed two school psychologist, the intern, school counselor, special education reading/writing teacher, math teacher, social studies teacher, and an assistant principal. The committee worked together to develop different intervention strategies for teachers to utilize in the classroom.Read MoreThe Two Purposes Of Teacher Evaluation1347 Words   |  6 PagesSummarizing the Handbook The two purposes of teacher evaluation are to ensure teacher quality and promote professional learning. In order to thoroughly address how the instruments and protocols offered in the book support and align with the two purposes of teacher evaluation evidence of practice must be first taken into consideration. The framework uses evidence in order to evaluate teacher performance. According to Danielson (2008), â€Å"the term evidence is intended to convey the conversations aboutRead MoreThe Teaching Cycle and the Associated Responsibilities and Roles of the Teacher1649 Words   |  7 Pagesrefer to the teaching cycle and the associated roles and responsibilities of the teacher, most articles refer to either a four or five stage cycle. In this assignment I will cover the five stage cycle and concentrate on my role and responsibilities as a teacher in the lifelong learning sector. Wilson 2009 states that the teacher cycle should be a structured process, so it is split into five sections placing the teacher roles and responsibility into various groups. The cycle can begin at any givenRead MoreDescribe What Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries Would Be as a Teacher or Trainer in Terms of the Teaching and Learning Cycle. How Might â€Å"Equality†, â€Å"Diversity† and â€Å"Inclusion† Impact on a Learner’s Experience?1081 Words   |  5 Pagesyour role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher or trainer in terms of the teaching and learning cycle. How might â€Å"equality†, â€Å"diversity† and â€Å"inclusion† impact on a learner’s experience? Give examples from your own experience and research to support your assertions. â€Å"This submission is entirely my own work unless I have used quotation marks to indicate my reference to the work of others† As a teacher or trainer, there are a variety of roles and responsibilities that are importantRead MoreThe Danielson Framework For Teaching1378 Words   |  6 Pagesdomains of teaching responsibility† Each component defines a different aspects of its respective domain. Levels of teaching evaluation tools provide rubrics that describe each component and provide a tactic for improving teaching. The Danielson group also states that â€Å"the framework may be used as the foundation of a school or district’s mentoring, coaching, professional development, and teacher evaluation processes, thus linking all those activities together and helping teachers become more thoughtfulRead MoreRoles and Responsibilities of a Teacher Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesRoles and Responsibilities as a Teacher As in every profession, roles, responsibilities and boundaries are set in order to define the line indicating the acceptable limits. Many people think the role of a teacher is just to teach students new skills; however the role goes much further than this, it can include assessor, verifier, advisor, record keeper, course designer, working with employers and personal tutor.   Within this position there are naturally a huge number of responsibilities relatedRead MoreSchool Administration And The School Board913 Words   |  4 Pagesschool administration when the local teachers’ association publicly criticized the administration and the school board? Even if they wanted to take action, there is nothing the Skyline School District Board of Education can do about the teachers’ exercising their First Amendment’s rights. Public school teachers, as public employees, are entitled to some First Amendment protections. The problem in any case is to arrive at a balance between the interests of the teacher, as a citizen, in commenting uponRead MoreRoles and Responsibilities of the Teacher in the Lifelong Learning Sector968 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Essay Title/ Level 4 Assessment: ‘Review what your role, responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher would be in terms of the teaching/ training cycle’? Describe what your role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher in terms of the teaching/training cycle. Traditionally the role of the teacher has been as a purveyor of information and trusted to be the fount of all knowledge. This suggests that the teacher was the one in control of the passing of knowledge onto passive

NeoMed Tech Free Essays

Subject line: Describe what went right and what went wrong with this venture. Add in how you would fix the Identified problems, If this was your company. Needed Technologies developed a diagnostic device used for cardiac testing, and is headquartered in Ohio. We will write a custom essay sample on NeoMed Tech or any similar topic only for you Order Now They developed a CAD screen system to detect coronary artery disease. The company was founded in 2000 and is based in Cleveland, Ohio. Needed Technologies was faced with a lot of difficult decisions at the beginning when it came to where their product would best fit and be most successful. They ad developed a technology that could fit Into many markets, but needed to choose a product path and market. Their continued challenges occurred due to the changes In the market direction of venture capital opportunities and the funding available, all due to changes in the economy at that time. Due to the lack of funding, and a continued decline in Venture Capital funding along with a downturn in the economy; I believe had the economic situation been different at the time when they needed venture capital funding, the would’ve faced less challenges. The management team and Board of Directors were selected carefully and all had the experience and the background needed for success In the product market space. Needed Technologies had a strong business plan, and had conducted extensive research in initial planning stages. I believe based on the reading materials in this chapter; they did all the right things in the planning and early development stages. Although Needed Technologies had to contend with big name competitors and major players in the diagnostic and imaging market such as GE Medical and Philips, also located in the Ohio region; their strategy to be headquartered in Ohio was a sound decision. However, they should’ve investigated further in the opportunity to obtain venture capital funding outside of the Ohio region. Perhaps they could’ve spent more time studying competitive business cases of companies Like competitor, Heartaches, who specializes In the BEST test. The Heartaches product, although more costly, had seen success and was widely accepted in the Medical field. Despite the added cost of the Heartaches BEST test, they were seeing success in the market. One strategy change I would’ve considered early on was not applying all resources of their technology into one area. Needed Technologies should’ve considered applying their initial product development to the technology of screening for drugs, drug delivery applications or detecting cancer. These areas would’ve possibly allowed for a quick to market product, without the additional approvals, quality standards applied in the medical equipment space, and FDA approvals needed. Bringing a simpler product to market first could’ve brought in revenue to fund the long-term reduce focus off CAD screen system. The profits from a drug screening or drug delivery product could’ve assisted in funding their long-term product focus, they missed an opportunity to develop a quick revenue steam. Defense space, for detection of nuclear weapons, or dirty bombs. With the shift later in Venture Capital funding opportunities, they could’ve experienced success in this area as well. Bottom-line, they put all their eggs in one basket; they failed to have a backup product to develop a quick revenue stream to further fund their long-term goal. However, without a crystal ball that was a difficult decision. There were clear signs of shifts in investment opportunities, the shift indicted investments being shifted towards Homeland Security, military applications, and protection from various biological and chemical threats. Needed Technologies should shift some of their resources to developing a product to fit into that area, thus allowing them the opportunity to obtain additional venture capital funding, and perhaps developing a profitable product in the Homeland Security space. The revenue stream from this reduce would allow them later to proceed with their CAD screen system. There was another area of investment that should’ve been further investigated, â€Å"Angel Investors†, most of who are Entrepreneurs themselves currently, or at some point in their career. Inviting one of the Angel investors a seat on the board, as well as leveraging the experience they have gained from starting their own company, dealing with the challenges of starting a business, and investigating further Venture capital funding areas. Needed Technologies should’ve reached out farther than Just the Ohio-based Venture Capital firms, this would’ve allowed them a broader audience of investors and opportunity. I don’t believe holding off for perfection is necessarily wrong, especially when dealing with, and factoring in the value of human life. The Needed Technologies board of directors and upper level management all appeared to encompass strong ethics and while that might be a weakness to others, ethics are important and should never be compromised. Too many companies take the short cut to success and people get hurt. How to cite NeoMed Tech, Papers

Performance of UK Business (Productivity)

Introduction Productivity is a key issue in the business field. It is the amount of output that is produced for inputs used. It should therefore be maintained to the highest level possible since it is one measure of success and prosperity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Performance of UK Business (Productivity) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are however some instances where it becomes hard to maintain productivity especially when there are many limiting factors or obstacles. Although productivity may not seem to be a big issue when carrying out business activities, in the long run, it is almost everything. Labour productivity is for example considered by economists as the key indicator of economic health (Haslam, Neale and Johal 2000). This piece of paper gives an argumentative discussion of the performance of the UK business with much emphasis being given to productivity and related issues for instance the productivity gap and the Policies that the UK government could introduce to increase productivity in the country. The Productivity Gap Productivity gap in this context refers to how the UK has a lower level of productivity in relation to most of the developed countries. The UK’s productivity gap is attributed to various factors all leading to some business disadvantages of the nation in relation to other countries such as the United States, Germany, and France. Some of the contributing factors include poor labour relations, lack of proper investment, trade distortions, lack of technological advancement, poor business policies, and lack of entrepreneurship among others. The poor performance of the UK in terms of productivity has been an issue of concern and has attracted debate from different individuals and groups (Buxton 1998). Policies that the UK Government Could Introduce To Increase Productivity There are various policies that could be introduced in an effort to incr ease productivity in businesses in the United Kingdom. The policies could be deduced from the problems faced, for instance, the ones mentioned above so that the policies can help handle the challenges. Some of the policies therefore include those touching on aspects like competition, privatization, and deregulation (Buxton 1998). Policies that enhance productivity such as those that facilitate foreign direct investment, European integration and trade liberalization should thus be established and emphasized as they would play a great role in increasing the country’s productivity. A macroeconomic policy is also crucial. This is because these policies will promote investment and trade through elimination of obstacles.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The government of the UK should also establish general policies that are aimed at improving the situation of the business s ector for instance those aimed at encouraging the establishment of new and innovative business ventures. This is because policies that are aimed at dealing with the entry obstacles alone may not be in a position to boost productivity in different sectors but a combination would do better. Taking a positive move towards handling the failures experienced is also advisable (Seager 2007). Conclusion Being a crucial business aspect, productivity should always be enhanced. It is evident that the UK business sector has been affected negatively by various issues, the major one being productivity gap. Some of the challenges that should be handled in an effort to deal with this ordeal include the ageing population, technological progress and climate change as well as globalization. The UK’s government could also impose some effective policies as mentioned above so as to solve the problem of productivity gap and hence increase productivity in the business sector. Reference List Buxton, T. 1998. Britain’s Economic Performance, 2nd Ed. New York, Routledge. Haslam, C., Neale, A. and Johal, S. 2000. Economics in a Business Context. New York, Cengage Learning EMEA. Seager, A. 2007. â€Å"Britain narrows productivity gap†. The Guardian. Web. This essay on Performance of UK Business (Productivity) was written and submitted by user The Fury to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An essay on hr problem in cognizant technology solutions, yyderabad, india The WritePass Journal

An essay on hr problem in cognizant technology solutions, yyderabad, india Introduction An essay on hr problem in cognizant technology solutions, yyderabad, india IntroductionBackgroundInterventionsConclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction This essay describes the recent HR problem faced by Cognizant Technology Solutions, Hyderabad, India one of the fastest growing IT Service Providing Companies, a subsidiary of Cognizant Head Quarters, New Jersey as heard from one of the associates within the company. The Organization faced the problem of retaining their experienced associates during the economic down-turn period or so called Recession period when the other competing companies fired many of their employees who have worked for more than half-a decade because of posing financial problems on the company in regard to wages and maintenance during that period. Started with around 264 associates to 10,000+ members (till date), they have contributed a lot to the Organization’s notable growth over a short period of 8 years at Hyderabad Off-shore Development Centre. [ By Geeta Ramachandran, Sr. Executive – HR, Global Workforce Management (GWFM), CTS(H), Feb, 2006-(till date). ] Key Words: Associates, Resources, Off-shore Development Centre, Business Continuity Plan, Work Force Management, Incentive Approach, Two-in-a-Box Module. Background Cognizant Technology Solutions, one of the leading Multi-National Companies started its Off-shore Development Centre (ODC) at Hyderabad, India in 2002 as a part of Global Expansion. It serves more than 500 clients belonging to various fields such as Banking Financial Services, Health Care Insurance, Communications, Consumer Goods, Energy Utilities, Information, Media Entertainment, Life Sciences, Manufacturing, Retail, Technology, Transportation Logistics, and Travel Hospitality. The Company has recorded its highest growth in the 4th quarter of 2010. And announced 200% hike for their top performers during this quarter recovering from the recession blows. They have crossed the 10M strength in the same quarter globally. [cognizant.com/aboutus/in news ] Interventions Recession is more often can be termed as one of the phases for readjustment in disequilibrium of capital management. Whenever a resource is released within an organization from the declining activities, they will be immediately shifting to the expanding industries. Recession or recovery is the first phase of readjustment process in this world of non-uniform capital and rigidities in adjustment processes starts with the realization of errors delivered under the false impression projected by easy credit. Downturn period in the global markets is considered as bad by concerning the nominative judgments about the different phases of the cycle. [ â€Å"Capital in Disequilibrium: An Austrian Approach to Recession and Recovery† by Noah Yetter and John P. Cochran. ] Multi-national companies are focused on getting the experienced staff which would allow them to have the feasibility of not spending additional investments on any other different training programs. Small scale organizations are more focused on fresher as they cannot bear huge pay to the experienced hires. By providing the well established environment to the employees so that the employees can work freely and can apply all thought process into reality. Because of this, there is a diversion among the managers whom to consider with high priority when financial matters are involved with the resource management techniques. [ Resourcing in Business Logistics: The Art of Systematic Combining, by M. Jahre, L.E. Gadde H. Hà ¥kansson, D. Harrison, G. Persson, and G. Liber, Torkel Strà ¶msten, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden, Book Review, Page No. 411-414.] As there are financial prospects involved, it is always better to recruit fresh graduates and train them based on the requirements of business with the usage of proper forecasting techniques. If the resources belonging to an organization are homogenous in all aspects and all prices, wages, and interest rates are perfectly flexible in according to the organizational policies, then the recession or recovery process would be a single process which would be quick and practically painless.An experienced employee wages equal the 3-4 fresh graduates wages whose cost to company would be low when compared to former. It is always preferable to have those young minds which are innovative and creative at times and works smart in reaching the timely goals rather than being laborious for completion of tasks. And if the Organization thinks that an experienced employee needs to be retained with the organization, firm should assign them the multiple tasks up to the possible extent but not overloading them. By making the experienced resources responsible in some managerial positions and offering them the provision of consistent support and means for supervision from the top-level management to guide the new candidates in achieving service and delivery goals much to the satisfaction and delight of the customers. [ â€Å"Estimating the impact of enterprise resource planning, project management decisions on post-implementation maintenance costs† by Meg Fryling, University at Albany, USA.] In order to retain the experienced employees from the organization, one needs to build the strong belief about the future prospects of the employee ensuring about their role in the organization and more importantly job-safety. Cognizant has employed the same strategy during that turmoil and with the same strategy they achieved the tag of fastest growing IT Services Provider around the globe. Cognizant trained the people irrespective of experienced or a fresh candidate in the sector during the period to grab the opportunities in future. By making sure that the employees would fit into the requirements accordingly, and providing them the different options like self-learning, e-learning courses to learn and understand the new technologies rather than sticking to the existing technology which they have already learnt during their graduation and the same has applied over the years for the routine deliverables thus not allowing themselves to reach the further levels in contributing to the success of the organization. [ â€Å"Leadership in the era of Economic Un-Certainty† by Charan. R, McGrawhill, 2009.] [ â€Å"Managing a risk controversy: The Canadian Salmon Aquaculture industry’s responses to organized and local opposition† by Nathan Young;  Mary Liston.] Training and allowing them to understand, implement the new technologies might take some time initially but it makes the employee well-versed with the same. With the same strategy we can build the confidence in the people by spending whole-sum amount for training purpose as it helps in retaining the confidence of the employee on the management. After facing the initial phase of economic un-certainty, every Organization concentrated on cost-cuttings thus enabling the clients to trust the management with respect to the ROI and value of investments. This would reduce the revenue and profits to the company during that period and on a long-term basis, this result in maintaining the healthy relationship with the clients. [â€Å"Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Marketing Managers’ Perspectives on Sustainable Marketing† by Ahmed Shahriar Ferdous.] Reallocation of the resources is another crucial factor which would create some distance between the employees and their families. Reallocation need to be carried out depending on the requirement and feasibility of the company. Depending on the designation, work-experience of a particular employee, he/she would be given the priority to serve the organization according not affecting the business continuity plan and meeting the deliverables in time. Regular Audits will be held at those which were shown to the clients at the start-up. Meeting the expectations of the customer in time is a technique which is possible only through dedicated resources for the organization. With the same approach, organizations build the reputation among the clients. [ Estimating the impact of enterprise resource planning, project management decisions on post-implementation maintenance costs by Meg Fryling, University at Albany, USA.] [Collaborative Behavior and the performance of the organizations by Andrew B. Whitford, Soo- young Lee, Taesik Yun, Chan Ju Sung.] Resource Management within the organization should be considered as a high-priority issue which requires proper attention. Resource Planning and Resource Management according to the business needs to be scheduled. As Cognizant applies Two-In-A-Box Module, On-site/Offshore Delivery module, they tend to have more resource strength at off-shore than on-site as the CTC would be increasing if the on-boarded people are in large number. They do follow a policy of 1:3 ratios Onsite Offshore resource strength because of which Cognizant resources would like to stay with the organization rather than opting for other organizations. And another way to look at it, the company offers huge incentives and various other activities alongside the regular work. Cognizant recruited graduates during recession period from universities who will be completing their graduation in another 6-8 months of time and gear up to face the global environment instead of firing the experienced hires. Meanwhile the organi zation can avail the time to plan accordingly and train them the different technologies to meet the expectations from the customers and serve them with high efficiency. [By Rohit Eustachius, Executive – HR, Campus Talent Manager, CTS(H), Aug, 2006-(till date).] Based on the above interventions for the problem, we can state that a mixture of fresh and experienced people is required in every industry and the same applies universally. With the help of experienced bunch, fresh employees into the company will learn key points and apply the same when it demands. Reduce the no. of experienced employees gradually and at the same time hire the fresh graduates to compensate work load and financial issues can be settled with less pay details. [ â€Å"HR and IT Capabilities and Complementarities in Knowledge-Intensive Services† by Naresh Khatri, Alok Baveja, Narendra M. Agrawal and Gordon D. Brown. ] Conclusion Thus we can derive that problems relating to human resource management involves so many factors and all those factors should be considered when a problem needs a necessary action to be implemented to resolve the problem. Human Resource Management involves with financial issues which plays key role in organizational structure and helps in progress of the organization. This also reveal us how to invest in those crucial times of the market forecasting the future prospects and demands in mind. Resource planning, resource management are two important areas which would contribute to organizations success in the long-run prospects. In the resource planning or resource management, profitable expansion puts inflationary pressure on prices, as more requirement tries to be funded by the same pool of real resources, but this pressure isn’t always felt by all prices. Best returns on equity investments is possible, especially compared to the low returns generally available under depressed i nterest rates, which may draw excess profitable demand into the stock market, pushing prices to go up further. If the inflationary pressure of the original profitable expansion resulted in a general rise in prices, there would be a relative mild stock slump, and it reflects simply in the market’s realization as the firms are over-valued. But if the economy also experiences inflation in the asset price with little or no commodity price inflation, the stock correction ought to be quite severe, as the prices of stocks fall to reflect not only more realistic valuations of firms but also drastically lower demand for stocks. Easy credit props up the supra-normal demand for equity investments and they are spurred on by its effects, now by that excess amount plus a panic discount declines the demand which was forecasted, as investors who would otherwise have kept their money in stocks pull it out due to an increased in perceived risk. Once the period of increased risk with mass liqui dation passes, investors will start to see that stocks are now underrated, and buy in again. This post-panic reawakening of equity investment will be a signal that the readjustment process is actually complete, and normal economic growth is continued. Tax cuts are helpful to the amplitude that they stimulate savings investment and reduce the role of government in the economy, but implementing them as a means to stimulate consumption is a wrongheaded approach. Thus with the different approaches human resource management is a tough task as it involves multiple issues related enterprise resource planning, resource management, supply chain management etc. The research about the problem resulted in the following approaches to deal with the employees: Allowing the experienced employees to learn the new technologies by means of e-learning rather than attending the in-house training sessions separately thus reducing the cost to the company when the training programs are taken into consider ation. By recruiting the fresher from the universities and train them in different technologies accordingly in place of the experienced resources when the cost to company matters as the fresher would be paid less wages compared to the experienced by forecasting the future demand much in advance. To reduce the cost to company by maintaining or retaining the productive resources who have contributed lot to the organization’s growth ensuring the customer satisfaction to the most possible extent. By allocating senior resources to managerial positions to serve the newly hired resources to know in and out about the organization in detail and to gain expertise on the technologies they would apply. Bibliography International Human Resource Management: Managing People in a Multi National Context, 4th edition by Peter J.Dowling and Denice E. Welch. Journal of International Consumer Marketing: Capital in Disequilibrium: An Austrian Approach to Recession and Recovery by Noah Yetter   and John P. Cochran. Journal of Global Marketing: [â€Å"Leadership in the era of Economic Un-Certainty† by Charan. R, McGrawhill, 2009. Resourcing in Business Logistics: The Art of Systematic Combining, by M. Jahre, L.E. Gadde H. Hà ¥kansson, D. Harrison, G. Persson, and G. Liber, Torkel Strà ¶msten, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden, Book Review, Page No. 411-414. Journal of Risk Research: Applying the theory of planned behavior to study the health decisions related to potential risks by Z. Janet Yang;  Katherine McComas;  Geri Gay;  John P. Leonard;  Andrew J. Dannenberg;  Hildy Dillon Pages 1007 – 1026   Journal of Risk Research: Managing a risk controversy: The Canadian Salmon Aquaculture industry’s responses to organized and local opposition by Nathan Young;  Mary Liston. Journal on Enterprise Information Systems: Estimating the impact of enterprise resource planning, project management decisions on post-implementation maintenance costs by Meg Fryling, University at Albany, USA.   International Public Management Journal: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Marketing Managers’ Perspectives on Sustainable Marketing by Ahmed Shahriar Ferdous. International Public Management Journal: Collaborative Behavior and the performance of the organizations by Andrew B. Whitford, Soo- young Lee, Taesik Yun, Chan Ju Sung. International Journal of Human Resource Management: HR and IT Capabilities and Complementarities in Knowledge-Intensive Services by Naresh Khatri, Alok Baveja, Narendra M. Agrawal and Gordon D. Brown. cognizant.com.

How to Find Critical Values with a Chi-Square Table

How to Find Critical Values with a Chi-Square Table The use of statistical tables is a common topic in many statistics courses. Although software does calculations, the skill of reading tables is still an important one to have. We will see how to use a table of values for a chi-square distribution to determine a critical value. The table that we will use is located here, however other chi-square tables are laid out in ways that are very similar to this one. Critical Value The use of a chi-square table that we will examine is to determine a critical value. Critical values are important in both hypothesis tests and confidence intervals. For hypothesis tests, a critical value tells us the boundary of how extreme a test statistic we need to reject the null hypothesis. For confidence intervals, a critical value is one of the ingredients that goes into the calculation of a margin of error. To determine a critical value, we need to know three things: The number of degrees of freedomThe number and type of tailsThe level of significance. Degrees of Freedom The first item of importance is the number of degrees of freedom. This number tells us which of the countably infinitely many chi-square distributions we are to use in our problem. The way that we determine this number depends upon the precise problem that we are using our chi-square distribution with. Three common examples follow. If we are doing a goodness of fit test, then the number of degrees of freedom is one less than the number of outcomes for our model.If we are constructing a confidence interval for a population variance, then the number of degrees of freedom is one less than the number of values in our sample.For a chi-square test of the independence of two categorical variables, we have a two-way contingency table with r rows and c columns. The number of degrees of freedom is (r - 1)(c - 1). In this table, the number of degrees of freedom corresponds to the row that we will use. If the table that we are working with does not display the exact number of degrees of freedom our problem calls for, then there is a rule of thumb that we use. We round the number of degrees of freedom down to the highest tabled value. For example, suppose that we have 59 degrees of freedom. If our table only has lines for 50 and 60 degrees of freedom, then we use the line with 50 degrees of freedom. Tails The next thing that we need to consider is the number and type of tails being used. A chi-square distribution is skewed to the right, and so one-sided tests involving the right tail are commonly used. However, if we are calculating a two-sided confidence interval, then we would need to consider a two-tailed test with both a right and left tail in our chi-square distribution. Level of Confidence The final piece of information that we need to know is the level of confidence or significance. This is a probability that is typically denoted by alpha. We then must translate this probability (along with the information regarding our tails) into the correct column to use with our table. Many times this step depends upon how our table is constructed. Example For example, we will consider a goodness of fit test for a twelve-sided die. Our null hypothesis is that all sides are equally likely to be rolled, and so each side has a probability of 1/12 of being rolled. Since there are 12 outcomes, there are 12 -1 11 degrees of freedom. This means that we will use the row marked 11 for our calculations. A goodness of fit test is a one-tailed test. The tail that we use for this is the right tail. Suppose that the level of significance is 0.05 5%. This is the probability in the right tail of the distribution. Our table is set up for probability in the left tail. So the left of our critical value should be 1 – 0.05 0.95. This means that we use the column corresponding to 0.95 and row 11 to give a critical value of 19.675. If the chi-square statistic that we calculate from our data is greater than or equal to19.675, then we reject the null hypothesis at 5% significance. If our chi-square statistic is less than 19.675, then we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Maria Full of Grace Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maria Full of Grace - Movie Review Example In the scene when Maria is traveling to Bogota, the movie captures infrastructure development in the countryside as average. The road on which Maria is traveling on a motorbike is depicted as having only two lanes. The roads are narrow at various points where sharp turns occur along the overlooking valleys. There are a number of ramps along the road at such turns, though the rest of the road sections have no ramps on the side that face the valley. When they reach Bogota, the road network improves to three lanes. There are elements of improvement of infrastructure unlike in many developing countries. There is a flyover, which may be seen to easy traffic along the roads. The buildings on the right also seem modern, though they appear to be based on the 1960s engineering technology that was not so much advanced. The streets of Bogota seem to have been maintained close to the level of other developed countries. There is a zebra crossing and the houses in Bogota central business district are quite properly planned. They are neatly arranged in a line. There is also evidence of streetlights. However, there is evidence of informal settlement and structures within Bogota. There is a poorly constructed structure by the roadside, probably an eatery. The environment around the eatery is untidy. One can see papers lying all over the place in the grass. Some people have parked their cars by the roadside, an indication that probably there are no official parking lots. In one street, vendors have occupied part of the road with their carts, which they sell their grocery. Inside buildings, there is an evidence of poor planning in lighting. The corridor and the rooms, through which Maria walks are dark, almost like dungeons. Life in Bogota is generally lively. There is a little bit of pomp. People seem to mix freely. Much of the countryside in Colombia is quite impoverished, so is part of the urban dwellers. Survival mechanisms in urban areas include taking odd jobs such

The challenges of doing business in China and Vietnam Term Paper

The challenges of doing business in China and Vietnam - Term Paper Example The global marketplace that has no borders takes into consideration the participation of all countries. Several changes are occurring in the global scenario, more with the enhancement of communications and technology (Understanding the Global Marketing Environment, n.d., pp.4-8). Several political, social, economic and technological implications arise owing to the changes and developments in the modern business world. These factors play a major role in the international marketing. The changes and developments are eventually encountered by all marketers who face the challenges in their operations in the â€Å"global business environment†. Changes in the international market reveal the emergence of newer sources of power in Brazil, China, India and Russia. The economic development seems to be shifting towards a restricted and impartial direction engaging itself in global businesses. New customers are also emerging with higher needs and demands with increasing competition among businesses. Indistinct boundaries of industries are causing deregulation in the business world. There are frequent changes in the use of technology accompanied by the emergence of greater service sectors than manufacturing as well as increasing transparency of business practices. C onsidering all the business benefits and obstacles, this report would primarily focus on the challenges of doing business in China and Vietnam. ... Entering a Global Market: Key Areas of Concern: The essential issues needed to be taken into consideration before entering a global market include Culture, Government, Economy, Infrastructure, and Relationships. As the report focuses on the businesses in China and Vietnam, these key areas are discussed in the context of China and Vietnam. Culture: The exchange of goods and services and other expertise among different countries tend to increase globalization reflecting increasing interdependence in the economy. Universal culture arises from particular groups of individuals in the different countries involved in different businesses. These cultural issues include the values and practices followed in a business (Leung, Bhagat, Buchan, Erez & Gibson, 2005, pp.358-359). Culture in China is known for its â€Å"orderly, hierarchical and control-based society† with the Chinese people being â€Å"patient, eager to learn, respectful and accepting of authority† (McKern & Denend, 2 004). If the culture practices in China are studied, it can be observed that China has its own â€Å"unique business culture and etiquette† (Chinese Culture, n.d.). Business relationships in China mostly involve a social relationship that tends to remain for a longer period of time. They give high importance to designations. Giving appropriate respect is a very important notion followed by the Chinese companies. Gifts and presents are always esteemed and accepted as adding value to the relationships. Moreover, business discussions in China generally include a lunch or a dinner that are highly focused in China (Chinese Culture, n.d.). The Chinese business can be found to maintain corporate social responsibility that is particularly focused on the human issues, scientific development, and harmony in